The 1954 French flap:

FLYING SAUCERS

The testimonies collected and thoroughly reviewed have so far revealed only the reality of a generalized psychosis

The APPEARANCE of Martians near Valenciennes has fizzled out, and its Corrèze counterpart seems to be a joke.

Admittedly, the air police took the matter seriously and conducted investigations in both cases.

However, their involvement does not imply that they are hunting flying saucers. In this case, they are likely more interested in smuggler planes than interplanetary vehicles... assuming, at first, that an untrained witness could mistake one for the other.

The Martian's kiss

The adventure of the Limousin peasant is quite instructive in this regard. Mr. Mazaud, a good man honorably known in his part of Corrèze, confirmed the revelations made by his wife against his will. He specified that it was at 8:30 p.m. (at twilight), in a deserted area, 1,500 meters from the village of Bugeat, that he encountered on a path a man of average height wearing a helmet "like a motorcyclist."

Removing his headgear, the figure made a few bows, shook the hand of the farmer - who was trembling all over - and, pulling him close despite his resistance, kissed him "without causing any particularly unpleasant sensations." After this final peaceful gesture, the helmeted being made a few more bows and fled... and it was as Mr. Mazaud was regaining his composure that a cigar-shaped, unlit craft passed horizontally a few meters above the ground.

Mr. Mazaud is probably telling the truth. But seen from the perspective of smuggling, the event takes on a less frightening aspect.

This cigar-shaped craft was probably just a light aircraft that landed in this deserted area for business - or perhaps the pilot, lost, landed to check a signpost. The man spoke unintelligible words? Why not? Mr. Mazaud is probably not a polyglot.

And what if the strange visitor, very much one of us but a bit of a prankster, simply amused himself by terrifying the farmer...

A train could come

More surprising, however, was the Quarouble sighting, at least on the first day. It was less so for many neighbors of the gatekeeper, who remained skeptical. Certainly, the witness was sincere. But he had suffered a severe head injury a year earlier and, on several occasions since, had shown signs of nervous disorders.

He was likely a victim of one of those waking hallucinations well known to medicine. At most, one might regret the excessive publicity given to these accounts, which were clearly inspired by classic science fiction.

It is true that the police later found, on the railway tracks at approximately the location indicated by the witness, four symmetrical marks in pairs, relatively recent and not made by typical SNCF workers' tools.

But it was noted that the location is close to a level crossing and that such marks could give rise to any number of hypotheses.

The initial reaction of the police (still interested in smuggling) was to think the marks came from a clandestine helicopter. But a railway line is not a welcoming landing site. Telegraph wires (which were untouched) are dangerous, and a train could always come. Helicopter pilots know this. Moreover, if flying saucer pilots exist somewhere in the universe, they must know this too - since they are supposedly visiting us.

But is it really reasonable to credit such fabrications?

The new monster

Franc-Tireur has already covered the issue by asking for the opinions of top specialists in astronomy, aviation, meteorology, and biology. We have demonstrated (1) the psychosis by showing that the wave of sightings in France lagged a few weeks behind those in America. The U.S.A. no longer believes in interplanetary vehicles; their fate was settled by inquiry commissions composed of genuine scientists. The special observation station set up in Canada in 1952 - under pressure from the psychosis of the time - was recently shut down, having failed to intercept a single saucer. So now Europe has the monopoly on mysterious visits? Suffice it to say that Martians are now replacing the Loch Ness monster and reappear each August to fill in gaps in the news cycle, as mathematicians would say. Reports began appearing, hesitantly, five or six weeks ago. A disc, a flame, a cigar, or a glowing ball was seen here or there; the temperature rose again in certain minds, sightings multiplied, and we now witness the resulting delirium.

The appearance attributed to the supposed extraterrestrial visitors at Quarouble is further evidence of this psychosis. Little men in diving suits - indistinguishable from fictional beings popularized by science fiction novels. The paralyzing green ray the witness allegedly experienced is from the same literary arsenal. And why would extraterrestrial beings look so much like us? We have previously shown that the various planets in the solar system cannot harbor any form of life. But even if beings existed somewhere else, what form would they take?

No one disputes the origin of life on Earth: molds first appeared, which gave rise to the plant kingdom on one side and the animal kingdom on the other. The latter developed in stages - microorganisms, protozoa, worms, fish. One of these, the coelacanth, evolved into reptiles, birds, and mammals, of which we are the only bipedal representatives. It is unthinkable that such an evolution could be exactly paralleled in time and form on another planet with inevitably different environmental conditions.

The explanation of balls of fire

And yet there are sane people who have seen luminous spots or strange things moving through the sky. Should we therefore assume that the saucers are of terrestrial origin? That is the opinion of all the scientists who have studied the issue.

These distinguished individuals certainly do not believe in revolutionary vehicles the Russians would foolishly risk flying over America - or vice versa. But astronomers and meteorologists provide explanations for many phenomena that could be mistaken for flying saucers, and a prominent German astronomer, Professor Hans Haffner of the University of Hamburg, has just published an interesting new theory on the subject.

"Most unknown flying objects," he says, "can be explained by what is known about fireballs caused by lightning. The size, shape, speed, color, luminosity, duration, electrical composition, and mode of dissolution of these phenomena are remarkably similar to descriptions of flying saucers. Fireballs often emit light rays, they can change shape and direction in less than a second, and they always disintegrate abruptly - sometimes silently, sometimes with a loud detonation."

It is certain that in more than six years of flying saucer mystery, no investigation has brought any definitive information about their origin. Scientists, on the other hand, are slowly but methodically narrowing down the possibilities of their existence by analyzing the phenomena that often cause confusion.

Wasn't lightning long a subject of superstition?

Weren't cemetery will-o'-the-wisps once thought to be the materialization of souls, when in fact they were just the result of decomposing bodies?

But much still remains to be explained before all types of "flying saucers" can be scientifically categorized.

And for those afraid to face reality, the doors of dreams and imagination remain wide open.

Robert SAVREUX.

The Normans are seeing them too

Rouen, September 15 (F.-T.). -- Mr. Lecière, a newspaper distributor in Carpiquet, near Caen, claims that at eight o'clock in the morning he saw a white dot in the sky, which quickly grew into an oval object of extraordinary brightness. This phenomenon is said to have lasted two minutes. He added:

- I have strong nerves and am not prone to hallucinations.

Meanwhile, a farmer from Thaon (Calvados) reported witnessing a similar phenomenon.

(1) See Franc-Tireur from 12/30/53 to 01/02/54.

Saucers, cigars and fireballs

Meteorologists are launching every day in the skies of France, 160 balloons that can create confusion

Meteorologists, who have already explained four appearances of "saucers" out of five also bear a heavy responsibility in the case of "saucers": they create from scratch phenomena with their balloons and nephoscopic projectors.

To study the characteristics of the atmosphere and deduce "the weather for tomorrow" or the sky condition that the plane on the departure will encounter, they use indeed many windbag balloons. The radio carried by these devices automatically transmits the values of the temperature and humidity depending on the pressure, that is to say, the altitude. The speed and the direction of the wind, however, can only be deduced by the trajectory of the balloon. We need the balloon to be visible in clear weather or recognizable by radar in heavy weather. And this characteristic is the basis of many "testimonies". Two examples will suffice. Just a few months ago British reservists in training following the spot of a balloon on their radar screen and gave the alert. On September 22, a farmer from Carpiquet, near Caen, would have been mistaken if an insider had not reassured him.

Lights plays at dusk

It must be remembered here that weather stations release every day in France, a dozen of large volume balloon (two meters in diameter at the start and eight meters in altitude) and more than 150 smaller balloons. No error is obviously possible at low altitude. But at a great height, with the reflections of sunset or dawn, when the surface of the earth is already in the shade, the balloons take a different aspect. Should a cloud make a screen or should a balloon reach a maximum altitude and burst to go back down and the disappearance becomes supernatural.

We identified in France, nineteen cases of craft observed at dusk, motionless in the heaven and that mysteriously disappeared without noise and smoke, "as if they dissolved in the air." Meteorologists actually do not need the complicity of the sun to give us illusions, some of their activities can be misleading in the heart of darkness. They launch, especially during the night, other balloon equipped with a light to measure the height of the cloud ceiling. The craft averaging 100 meters per minute, it is simple enough to note the time between the release and the disappearance of the light to find the altitude. The professional sees nothing wrong with that. The layman on the contrary who watches that light go up vertically and dissolve suddenly entering the clouds may wonder about it.

Projectors and stratospheric airplanes

Mr. Clausse, Head of Information at the National Meteorology revealed during a Technical conference given at the Aero Club of France that three other types of light spots could wander in the sky.

"- The first are produced by the beam of a projector directed vertically over the clouds. They are observed from a neighboring station whose distance is known and the measurement of the angle between the horizontal and the direction of the spot is enough to determine the cloud ceiling.

- The seconds are powerful flashes of light whose reflection impresses a photocell." These are so to speak emissions of a radar visual waves: "The latter combine the latest projector from the process and the cell through the use of a pulse AC poser and the light (purple) of this device called ceilometer remain visible all night. Unless, of course, the clouds disappear before."

Because the clouds still play here an important role. If a projector is pointed at the sky, a bright spot is visible on the basis of the lower formation, but the latter being pushed by the wind, the spot can go through a hole and go to project itself to a higher formation. To anyone away from its vertical, it jumped.

Let's also mention the meteorites of the big shooting star kind and especially airplanes flying at very high altitude. Reduced to barely visible points and too distant to be audible, these can shine, suddenly, in the setting sun, and disappear also quickly. In Sceaux, on June 26, 1952, dozens of people taking the fresh air at 9 p.m., on the doorsteps, saw strange luminous dots cross the sky in silence, and the alarm was given. We had to learn the next day that these craft, entirely conventional, indulged in an exercise on the edge of the stratosphere.

"Saucers" which are manifestations of lightning in altitude

Physicists also bring their "anti-saucerist" collaboration by specifying some absolutely phenomena natural. Dr. Haffner, among others, professor of astronomy at the University of Hamburg and Section Head at the observatory Hamburg-Bergedorf, believes that altitude lightning events can be mistaken to "saucers". "It has been observed, he said, at ten kilometers of altitude fireballs up to 260 meters in diameter and because of their rotation, they are often flattened; it happens that the form of discs or cigars of the objects often give the impression that they are rotating on themselves. The size, shape, speed, color, brightness, duration and dissolution mode of these fireballs are remarkably similar to descriptions of "flying saucers". They can change shape and direction in less a second like the "saucers". Finally they disintegrate always suddenly, sometimes silently, sometimes with a loud bang."

All these explanations have allowed US technicians to nullify 86% of the reported apparitions. Remember also that not one of these phenomena could be observed in details, only a few dreamers or crooks having indulged in elaborate quickly ineligible because of their contradictions. The few pictures gathered by the US special committees show natural phenomena in which the diverging drop shadows denounce the hoax.

To make a serious case

Unexplained and troubling cases remain. Certainly, June 8, 1952 a "cigar" has evolved, near Dijon, producing smoke white and emitting a growling sound. And that on 27 October the same year, a customs officer in Marignane saw an unknown machine, come to the landing strip. It is also certain that a half-cigar shaped craft moved on September 17 over Rome, attracting the attention of thousands of people. but it is also true that often incomplete observations favor the mystery.

A member of the Parliament worries about the psychosis that develops in France and asked the secretary pf the Armed Forces (Air) "if instructions were given for these phenomena to ne systematically and scientifically observed" and "if these saucers or cigars could not be chased to be better observed so that the public is correctly informed." Technicians aeronautics themselves feel that a serious "saucers" file is essential but it would require, to be made, valid indications:

- Witnesses wrongly evaluate the altitude and speed of what they see. They have no way to do this and there is evidence that in plane crashes profane testimonies rarely coincide with reality. Even airmen allow themselves to estimate an altitude only when they are fully aware of the apparatus. All witnesses, however, can specify the shape of the object (remembering that because of atmospheric scattering everything seems more or less round). They can then locate the source of the light, check if the machine has its own shadow (an atmospheric phenomenon has no shadow) and specify the form of its path (straight, curved or varied). They should finally note the time, the position relative to landmarks and size relative to a known object held at arm's length for example.

It is certainly necessary to try to solve the last puzzle and do to this scientifically. Maybe we will know then, if the "saucers" exist and, if their existence is proven, where they come from. Although scientists leave us little illusions about their earthly origin rather than their coming from another world.

INFORMATION FROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROACASTS

COUNTRY:	Non-Orbit		DATE OF INFORMATION:	1954
SUBJET:	Military - Unidentified flying objects
HOW PUBLISHED:	Dail[y] newspaper		DATE DIST.:	29 oct 1954
WHERE PUBLISHED:	As indicated		NO. OF PAGES:	5
DATE PUBLISHED:	31 Jul - 20 Sep 1954
LANGUAGES:	Various		SUPPLEMENT TO REPORT NO.:
[Blackened out]	[Blackened out]		THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
SOURCE:	As indicated

SIGHTINGS OF UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS,
31 JULY - 20 SEPTEMBER 1954

WESTERN EUROPE

[... (Reports from other countries) ...]

France

[... (Previous reports)]

UNUSUAL OBJECTS SIGHTED OVER NORMANDY -- Paris, Franc-Tireur, 16 Sep 54

At 0800 hours on 15 September, according to the report of Leclere, a newspaper agent in Carpiquet, Calvados Department, a white point of light appeared in the sky and grew rapidly in size. It was oval-shaped and had unusual brilliance. The phenomenon lasted 2 minutes. The witness stated that he was not subject to hallucination.

A similar phenomenon was reportedly seen by a farmer in Thaon, also in Calvados Department.

[... (Next reports)]

September 15 [, 1954]

[... Other cases...]

08:00 a.m.: Carpiquet/Thaon (Calvados)

[... Other cases...]

3775: 1954/09/15 08:00 2 0:27:00 W 49:12:00 N 3333 WEU FRN CLV 6:8

CARPIQUET+THEON,FR:OBS/SEP.TOWNS:LUMn.WHT SCR >>N twrd ENGLISH CHANNEL

Ref# 49 MICHEL,Aime: FS & STRAIGHT LINE TH: Page No. 49 : PASTURE

September 15, 8 o'clock: According to the report by Lecière, a Press correspondent in Carpiquet (Calvados), a witness to see during 2 mn a point of white light appears in the sky and increases his size quickly, revealing an oval form and an unusual brightness. The witness would deny to have had a hallucination, and a similar observation is made in Thaon (Calvados) [unusual objects observed above Normandy, Frank-Tireur, Paris, September 16, 1954].